Analyzing adult mouse brain scATAC-seq

For this tutorial, we will be analyzing a single-cell ATAC-seq dataset of adult mouse brain cells provided by 10x Genomics. The following files are used in this vignette, all available through the 10x Genomics website:

The Raw data
The Metadata
The fragments file
The fragments file index

This vignette echoes the commands run in the introductory Signac vignette on human PBMC. We provide a secondary analysis in a second system to demonstrate performance on a second system, and to provide a non-human example.

First load in Signac, Seurat, and some other packages we will be using for analyzing human data.

library(Signac)
library(Seurat)
library(GenomeInfoDb)
library(EnsDb.Mmusculus.v79)
set.seed(1234)

Quickstart

The vignette below presents a detailed workflow for the pre-processing, QC, clustering, visualization, integration, and interpretation of single-cell ATAC-seq data. While there are many steps (some of which are computationally intensive), we note that the core analytical components are similar to single-cell RNA-seq, and can be run quickly in a few lines. For example, the following lines encapsulate our scATAC-seq workflow (but does not include the calculation of advanced QC metrics, or integration with scRNA-seq data).

library(dplyr)

counts <- Read10X_h5("/home/stuartt/github/chrom/vignette_data/atac_v1_adult_brain_fresh_5k_filtered_peak_bc_matrix.h5")
metadata <- read.csv("/home/stuartt/github/chrom/vignette_data/atac_v1_adult_brain_fresh_5k_singlecell.csv", row.names = 1)

brain_fast <- CreateSeuratObject(counts = counts,meta.data = metadata) %>%
  subset(peak_region_fragments > 1000) %>%
  RunTFIDF() %>%
  FindTopFeatures(cutoff = 'q75') %>%
  RunSVD(reduction.name='lsi') %>%
  FindNeighbors(reduction='lsi', dims = 1:30) %>%
  FindClusters(resolution = 0.5,verbose = FALSE) %>%
  RunUMAP(reduction='lsi', dims = 1:30)

DimPlot(brain_fast, label = FALSE)

Below, we describe these steps in detail, beginning with pre-processing.

Pre-processing workflow

counts <- Read10X_h5("/home/stuartt/github/chrom/vignette_data/atac_v1_adult_brain_fresh_5k_filtered_peak_bc_matrix.h5")
metadata <- read.csv(
  file = "/home/stuartt/github/chrom/vignette_data/atac_v1_adult_brain_fresh_5k_singlecell.csv",
  header = TRUE,
  row.names = 1
)

brain <- CreateSeuratObject(
  counts = counts,
  assay = 'peaks',
  project = 'ATAC',
  min.cells = 1,
  meta.data = metadata
)

fragment.path <- '/home/stuartt/github/chrom/vignette_data/atac_v1_adult_brain_fresh_5k_fragments.tsv.gz'

brain <- SetFragments(
  object = brain,
  file = fragment.path
)

Optional step: Filtering the fragment file

To make downstream steps that use this file faster, we can filter the fragments file to contain only reads from cells that we retain in the analysis. This is optional, but slow, and only needs to be performed once. Running this command writes a new file to disk and indexes the file so it is ready to be used by Signac.

fragment_file_filtered <- "/home/stuartt/github/chrom/vignette_data/atac_v1_adult_brain_fresh_5k_fragments_filtered.tsv.bgz"

FilterFragments(
  fragment.path = fragment.path
  cells = colnames(brain),
  output.path = fragment_file_filtered
)

brain <- SetFragments(object = brain, file = fragment_file_filtered)

Computing QC Metrics

brain <- NucleosomeSignal(object = brain)

brain$pct_reads_in_peaks <- brain$peak_region_fragments / brain$total * 100
brain$blacklist_ratio <- brain$blacklist_region_fragments / brain$peak_region_fragments

plot1 <- VlnPlot(
  object = brain,
  features = c('pct_reads_in_peaks', 'blacklist_ratio', 'nucleosome_signal'),
  pt.size = 0.1) + NoLegend()

plot2_a <- VlnPlot(
  object = brain,
  features = 'peak_region_fragments',
  pt.size = 0.1,
  log = TRUE) + NoLegend()

plot2_b <- FeatureScatter(brain, "peak_region_fragments", "nucleosome_signal", pt.size = 0.1) + NoLegend()

plot2_c <- FeatureScatter(brain,"peak_region_fragments", "blacklist_ratio", pt.size = 0.1) + NoLegend()

plot2 <- CombinePlots(plots = list(plot2_a,plot2_b,plot2_c), ncol = 3)

CombinePlots(list(plot1,plot2), ncol = 1)

We can also look at the fragment length periodicity for all the cells, and group by cells with high or low nucleosomal signal strength. You can see that cells which are outliers for the mononucleosomal/ nucleosome-free ratio (based off the plots above) have different banding patterns. The remaining cells exhibit a pattern that is typical for a successful ATAC-seq experiment.

We remove cells that are outliers for these QC metrics.

brain$nucleosome_group <- ifelse(brain$nucleosome_signal > 10, 'NS > 10', 'NS < 10')
PeriodPlot(object = brain, group.by = 'nucleosome_group', region = 'chr1-1-10000000')

#filter out cells
brain <- subset(brain, subset = peak_region_fragments > 1000 & peak_region_fragments < 100000 & pct_reads_in_peaks > 15 & blacklist_ratio < 0.025 & nucleosome_signal < 10)

Normalization and linear dimensional reduction

brain <- RunTFIDF(brain)
brain <- FindTopFeatures(brain, min.cutoff = 'q0')
brain <- RunSVD(
  object = brain,
  assay = 'peaks',
  reduction.key = 'LSI_',
  reduction.name = 'lsi'
)

Non-linear dimension reduction and clustering

Now that the cells are embedded in a low-dimensional space, we can use methods commonly applied for the analysis of scRNA-seq data to perform graph-based clustering, and non-linear dimension reduction for visualization. The functions RunUMAP, FindNeighbors, and FindClusters all come from the Seurat package.

brain <- RunUMAP(
  object = brain,
  reduction = 'lsi',
  dims = 1:30
)
brain <- FindNeighbors(
  object = brain,
  reduction = 'lsi',
  dims = 1:30
)
brain <- FindClusters(
  object = brain,
  verbose = FALSE
)

DimPlot(object = brain, label = TRUE) + NoLegend()

Create a gene activity matrix

#extract gene coordinates from Ensembl, and ensure name formatting is consistent with  Seurat object 
gene.coords <- genes(EnsDb.Mmusculus.v79, filter = ~ gene_biotype == "protein_coding")
seqlevelsStyle(gene.coords) <- 'UCSC'
genebody.coords <- keepStandardChromosomes(gene.coords, pruning.mode = 'coarse')
genebodyandpromoter.coords <- Extend(x = gene.coords, upstream = 2000, downstream = 0)

# build a gene by cell matrix
gene.activities <- FeatureMatrix(
  fragments = fragment_file_filtered,
  features = genebodyandpromoter.coords,
  cells = colnames(brain),
  chunk = 10
)

# convert rownames from chromsomal coordinates into gene names
gene.key <- genebodyandpromoter.coords$gene_name
names(gene.key) <- GRangesToString(grange = genebodyandpromoter.coords)
rownames(gene.activities) <- make.unique(gene.key[rownames(gene.activities)])
gene.activities <- gene.activities[rownames(gene.activities)!="",]

#Add the gene activity matrix to the Seurat object as a new assay, and normalize it
brain[['RNA']] <- CreateAssayObject(counts = gene.activities)
brain <- NormalizeData(
  object = brain,
  assay = 'RNA',
  normalization.method = 'LogNormalize',
  scale.factor = median(brain$nCount_RNA)
)

DefaultAssay(brain) <- 'RNA'
FeaturePlot(
  object = brain,
  features = c('Sst','Pvalb',"Gad2","Neurod6","Rorb","Syt6"),
  pt.size = 0.1,
  max.cutoff = 'q95',
  ncol = 3
)

## The following functions and any applicable methods accept the dots: plot_grid

Integrating with scRNA-seq data

To help interpret the scATAC-seq data, we can classify cells based on an scRNA-seq experiment from the same biological system (the adult mouse brain). We utilize methods for cross-modality integration and label transfer, described here, with a more in-depth tutorial here.

You can download the raw data for this experiment from the Allen Institute website, and view the code used to construct this object on GitHub. Alternatively, you can download the pre-processed Seurat object here.

# Load the pre-processed scRNA-seq data
allen_rna <- readRDS("/home/stuartt/github/chrom/vignette_data/allen_brain.rds")
allen_rna <- FindVariableFeatures(
  object = allen_rna,
  nfeatures = 5000
)

transfer.anchors <- FindTransferAnchors(
  reference = allen_rna,
  query = brain,
  reduction = 'cca',
  dims = 1:40
)

predicted.labels <- TransferData(
  anchorset = transfer.anchors,
  refdata = allen_rna$subclass,
  weight.reduction = brain[['lsi']],
  dims = 1:40
)

brain <- AddMetaData(object = brain, metadata = predicted.labels)

library(ggplot2)
plot1 <- DimPlot(allen_rna, group.by = 'subclass', label = TRUE, repel = TRUE) + NoLegend() + ggtitle('scRNA-seq')
plot2 <- DimPlot(brain, group.by = 'predicted.id', label = TRUE, repel = TRUE) + NoLegend() + ggtitle('scATAC-seq')
CombinePlots(list(plot1,plot2), ncol = 2)

Why did we change default parameters?

We changed default parameters for FindIntegrationAnchors and FindVariableFeatures (including more features and dimensions). You can run the analysis both ways, and observe very similar results. However, when using default parameters we mislabel cluster 11 cells as Vip-interneurons, when they are in fact a Meis2 expressing CGE-derived interneuron population recently described by us and others. The reason is that this subset is exceptionally rare in the scRNA-seq data (0.3%), and so the genes define this subset (for example, Meis2) were too lowly expressed to be selected in the initial set of variable features. We therefore need more genes and dimensions to facilitate cross-modality mapping. Interestingly, this subset is 10-fold more abundant in the scATAC-seq data compared to the scRNA-seq data (see this paper for possible explanations.)

You can see that the RNA-based classifications are entirely consistent with the UMAP visualization, computed only on the ATAC-seq data. We can now easily annotate our scATAC-seq derived clusters (alternately, we could use the RNA classifications themselves). We note three small clusters (13, 20, 21) which represent subdivisions of the scRNA-seq labels. Try transferring the ‘cluster’ label (which shows finer distinctions) from the allen scRNA-seq dataset, to annotate them!

# replace each label with its most likely prediction
for(i in levels(brain)) {
  cells_to_reid <- WhichCells(brain, idents = i)
  newid <- names(sort(table(brain$predicted.id[cells_to_reid]),decreasing=TRUE))[1]
  Idents(brain, cells = cells_to_reid) <- newid
}

Find differentially accessible peaks between clusters

Here, we find DA regions between excitatory neurons in different layers of the cortex.

#switch back to working with peaks instead of gene activities
DefaultAssay(brain) <- 'peaks'

da_peaks <- FindMarkers(
  object = brain,
  ident.1 = c("L2/3 IT"),
  ident.2 = c("L4", "L5 IT", "L6 IT"),
  min.pct = 0.4,
  test.use = 'LR',
  latent.vars = 'peak_region_fragments'
)

head(da_peaks)

##                                  p_val  avg_logFC pct.1 pct.2    p_val_adj
## chr15:87605281-87607659   5.767600e-54  0.5370435 0.444 0.083 9.066841e-49
## chr13:69329933-69331707   6.275780e-54 -0.4555658 0.136 0.419 9.865715e-49
## chr2:118700082-118704897  6.326604e-50  0.3151431 0.571 0.173 9.945611e-45
## chr3:137056475-137058371  5.417237e-49  0.3664840 0.481 0.098 8.516059e-44
## chr19:28380552-28383664   6.386696e-48  0.4108124 0.426 0.077 1.004008e-42
## chr10:107751762-107753240 6.445321e-48  0.4083500 0.571 0.174 1.013224e-42

plot1 <- VlnPlot(
  object = brain,
  features = rownames(da_peaks)[1],
  ncol = 3,
  pt.size = 0.1,
  idents = c("L4","L5 IT","L2/3 IT")
)
plot2 <- FeaturePlot(
  object = brain,
  features = rownames(da_peaks)[1],
  ncol = 3,
  pt.size = 0.1,
  max.cutoff = 'q95'
)

## The following functions and any applicable methods accept the dots: plot_grid

CombinePlots(list(plot1,plot2))

open_l23 <- rownames(da_peaks[da_peaks$avg_logFC > 0.25, ])
open_l456 <- rownames(da_peaks[da_peaks$avg_logFC < -0.25, ])
closest_l23 <- ClosestFeature(regions = open_l23, annotation = EnsDb.Mmusculus.v79, sep = c(':', '-'))
closest_l456 <- ClosestFeature(regions = open_l456, annotation = EnsDb.Mmusculus.v79, sep = c(':', '-'))
head(closest_l23)

##                               gene_id gene_name   gene_biotype
## ENSMUSG00000054863 ENSMUSG00000054863   Fam19a5 protein_coding
## ENSMUSG00000078137 ENSMUSG00000078137   Ankrd63 protein_coding
## ENSMUSG00000028161 ENSMUSG00000028161    Ppp3ca protein_coding
## ENSMUSG00000052942 ENSMUSG00000052942     Glis3 protein_coding
## ENSMUSG00000091455 ENSMUSG00000091455     Otogl protein_coding
## ENSMUSG00000030592 ENSMUSG00000030592      Ryr1 protein_coding
##                    seq_coord_system  symbol entrezid
## ENSMUSG00000054863       chromosome Fam19a5   106014
## ENSMUSG00000078137       chromosome Ankrd63   383787
## ENSMUSG00000028161       chromosome  Ppp3ca    19055
## ENSMUSG00000052942       chromosome   Glis3   226075
## ENSMUSG00000091455       chromosome   Otogl   628870
## ENSMUSG00000030592       chromosome    Ryr1    20190
##                                       region distance
## ENSMUSG00000054863   chr15-87625230-87759336    17570
## ENSMUSG00000078137  chr2-118699103-118703963        0
## ENSMUSG00000028161  chr3-136670124-136937727   118747
## ENSMUSG00000052942   chr19-28258851-28680077        0
## ENSMUSG00000091455 chr10-107762223-107912134     8982
## ENSMUSG00000030592    chr7-29003340-29125151        0

head(closest_l456)

##                               gene_id gene_name   gene_biotype
## ENSMUSG00000034575 ENSMUSG00000034575     Papd7 protein_coding
## ENSMUSG00000027827 ENSMUSG00000027827    Kcnab1 protein_coding
## ENSMUSG00000020866 ENSMUSG00000020866   Cacna1g protein_coding
## ENSMUSG00000022603 ENSMUSG00000022603     Mroh4 protein_coding
## ENSMUSG00000032456 ENSMUSG00000032456    Nmnat3 protein_coding
## ENSMUSG00000000399 ENSMUSG00000000399    Ndufa9 protein_coding
##                    seq_coord_system  symbol entrezid
## ENSMUSG00000034575       chromosome   Papd7   210106
## ENSMUSG00000027827       chromosome  Kcnab1    16497
## ENSMUSG00000020866       chromosome Cacna1g    12291
## ENSMUSG00000022603       chromosome   Mroh4    69439
## ENSMUSG00000032456       chromosome  Nmnat3    74080
## ENSMUSG00000000399       chromosome  Ndufa9    66108
##                                      region distance
## ENSMUSG00000034575  chr13-69497959-69533839   166251
## ENSMUSG00000027827   chr3-65109384-65378223        0
## ENSMUSG00000020866  chr11-94408391-94474198        0
## ENSMUSG00000022603  chr15-74606029-74636353        0
## ENSMUSG00000032456   chr9-98287435-98420438        0
## ENSMUSG00000000399 chr6-126821863-126849144    37363

We can also create coverage plots grouped by cluster around any genomic region using the CoveragePlot function. These represent ‘pseudo-bulk’ accessibility tracks, where all cells within a cluster have been averaged together, in order to visualize a more robust chromatin landscape.

# set plotting order
levels(brain) <- c("L2/3 IT","L4","L5 IT","L5 PT","L6 CT", "L6 IT","NP","Sst","Pvalb","Vip","Lamp5","Meis2","Oligo","Astro","Endo","VLMC","Macrophage")

region1 <- rownames(da_peaks)[2]
region2 <- GRangesToString(subset(gene.coords, symbol=="Gad2"))

CoveragePlot(
  object = brain,
  region = c(region1, region2),
  sep = c(":", "-"),
  annotation = EnsDb.Mmusculus.v79,
  extend.upstream = 5000,
  extend.downstream = 5000,
  ncol = 1
)

Compiled: August 15, 2019